Best Beef Ragu Recipes

BEEF RAGù RECIPE BY TASTY

Steps:

• Season the meat on all sides with salt and pepper.
• Heat a large heavy pot with a lid over medium-high heat. Add a tablespoon of olive oil and brown the meat in batches until a crust forms, turning to ensure even color on all sides.
• Once one batch is done, set aside in a bowl or plate with a lip, add another fresh tablespoon of olive oil and continue until all the meat is brown.
• Add another tablespoon of oil to the pan and sauté the onion, carrot, celery, and garlic until softened, about 3-4 minutes.
• Pour in the wine and let it boil off and reduce until barely any remains in the pan.
• Next, add the browned meat back to the pan, along with the tomato paste. Stir until tomato paste is coating all the ingredients and allow the paste to toast slightly.
• Pour in the tomatoes, stock, and herb bundle and stir, bring to a simmer and cover with a lid.
• Allow to simmer for 3 hours, stirring occasionally. Alternatively, if your pot and lid are oven safe, cook in a 325˚F (170˚C) oven for 3 hours.
• Remove the herb bundle and beef shank.
• Pull the meat from the oxtail. Using a fork or tongs, discarding the bone and any extra cartilage or extra fat. Add the meat back to the ragu and stir.
• Skim off any extra fat from the top of the ragu.
• Cook pasta in boiling salted water until al dente. Reserve 1 cup (120 ml) of the pasta water before draining.
• Add a few ladlefuls of ragu, the pasta, and a splash of pasta water to a large pot, gently stir to coat the pasta in the ragu.
• Add a handful of cheese and stir to melt into the sauce.
• Garnish with more cheese and fresh parsley before serving.
• Enjoy!

SLOW-COOKER BEEF RAGU

Steps:

• In a 5-to-6-quart slow cooker, combine onion, garlic, tomato paste, and oregano. Season roast with salt and pepper and place on top of onion mixture.
• Add 2 cups water, cover, and cook on high until meat is tender and can easily be pulled apart with a fork, 4 1/2 hours (or 9 hours on low). Let cool 10 minutes, then shred meat in slow cooker with 2 forks and stir in vinegar to taste.

HEARTY VEGETABLE BEEF RAGU

Steps:

• Cook pasta according to package directions; drain. Meanwhile, in a Dutch oven, cook beef, onion and garlic over medium heat until beef is no longer pink, breaking up beef into crumbles, 6-8 minutes; drain., Stir in tomatoes, spaghetti sauce, kale, peas, garlic powder and pepper. Bring to a boil. Reduce heat; simmer, uncovered, until kale is tender, 8-10 minutes. Stir pasta into sauce. If desired, serve with cheese.

POTATO GNOCCHI WITH BEEF RAGù

Steps:

• Heat oil in heavy large pot over medium heat. Add onions, pancetta, prosciutto, and garlic and sauté until mixture begins to brown, about 10 minutes. Add ground chuck and cook until no longer pink, breaking up with fork, about 5 minutes. Add 1 cup stock, mushrooms, and sage. Simmer until liquid is almost absorbed, about 4 minutes. Add remaining 3 cups stock, 1 cup at a time, simmering until liquid is almost absorbed before adding more. Mix in tomato paste, then tomatoes with juices. Simmer until meat is very tender, stirring occasionally and thinning with about 1 cup water every 30 minutes, about 1 1/2 hours (sauce will be medium-thick consistency). (Can be prepared up to 4 days ahead.Refrigerate uncovered until cold. Cover; keep refrigerated.)
• Steam potatoes over boiling water until tender, about 12 minutes. Working in batches, press warm potatoes through ricer into large bowl (or place warm potatoes in large bowl and mash finely with potato masher). Cool until lukewarm, about 10 minutes. Add egg, cream, salt, and nutmeg and blend well. Add 1 1/2 cups flour and mix until soft and slightly sticky dough forms, adding more flour by tablespoonfuls if too moist.
• Turn dough out onto lightly floured work surface. Divide into 6 equal portions. Gently roll 1 dough portion between hands and work surface to 3/4-inch-thick rope about 20 inches long. Cut into 3/4-inch-long pieces.
• Roll each piece over wires of slender whisk or dinner fork to make grooves in gnocchi. Arrange gnocchi in single layer on floured baking sheet. Repeat with remaining 5 dough portions.
• Cook 1/3 of gnocchi in large pot of boiling generously salted water until gnocchi rise to top and are cooked through and tender, about 5 minutes (check at 4 minutes). Using large strainer or slotted spoon, transfer gnocchi to large baking pan; arrange gnocchi in single layer. Cook remaining gnocchi in 2 batches. (Gnocchi can be prepared ahead. Let stand 1 hour at room temperature, or cover and refrigerate up to 2 days.)
• SERVING:
• Melt butter in large skillet over medium heat. Add gnocchi and cook until heated through, tossing often, about 8 minutes.
• Meanwhile, rewarm ragù over medium-low heat, stirring occasionally. Season to taste with salt and pepper.
• Ladle ragù into large shallow bowls. Spoon gnocchi over. Using vegetable peeler, shave Parmesan cheese over gnocchi.
• Garnish with fresh sage, if desired.

BEEF SHANK AND SAUSAGE RAGù WITH WHOLE GRAIN SPAGHETTI

Steps:

• For ragù:
• Preheat oven to 350°F. Toast fennel seeds in small dry skillet over medium-low heat until slightly darker in color and very fragrant, about 3 minutes. Set aside.
• Heat 2 tablespoons oil in large oven-proof pot over medium heat. Add sausage. Cook until brown and cooked through, breaking up with back of spoon, about 10 minutes. Using slotted spoon, transfer sausage to large bowl.
• Add 1 tablespoon oil to pot. Sprinkle beef shanks with salt and pepper. Add to pot and sauté until brown, about 6 minutes per side. Transfer shanks to bowl with sausage. Add onions to pot and sauté until brown and tender, scraping up browned bits, about 10 minutes. Return shanks, sausage, and any accumulated juices to pot. Add tomatoes with juice, wine, garlic, bay leaves, oregano, crushed red pepper, and toasted fennel seeds. Bring to simmer.
• Cover pot and place in oven. Braise until shanks are very tender, about 2 1/2 hours. Transfer shanks to work surface. Cut meat off bones and dice. Discard bones. Tilt pot. Spoon off fat from surface of pan juices. Return diced shank meat to pot. Simmer until liquid is reduced enough to coat spoon, about 10 minutes. Season ragù to taste with salt and pepper. DO AHEAD: Can be made 2 days ahead. Cool slightly. Chill uncovered until cold, then cover and keep chilled. Rewarm over medium heat, stirring occasionally, before continuing.
• For pasta:
• Cook pasta in large pot of boiling salted water until just tender but still firm to bite, stirring occasionally. Drain pasta; transfer to large bowl. Add oil and toss to coat. Add cheese and parsley; toss to coat. Season pasta with salt and pepper.
• Divide pasta among 12 shallow bowls. Ladle ragù over and serve.

LEFTOVER BEEF STEW RAGU

Steps:

• Bring a large pot of water to a boil.
• Add the beef stew to a large saucepan and heat over medium heat until warm. Shred the meat using two forks. Add the wine to the stew and bring to a simmer, then simmer 10 to 15 minutes.
• Generously salt the boiling water. Add the pasta and cook to al dente, about 2 minutes less than the package instructions. Drain, reserving about 1 cup pasta water. Place the pasta pack in the pot.
• Add the ragu to the cooked pasta and stir to combine. If the sauce is too thick, add some pasta water to thin it out. Finish with the olives, fresh tomatoes, Parmesan and extra-virgin olive oil. Top with the whole basil leaves. Serve immediately.

QUICK AND HEARTY GROUND BEEF RAGU

Steps:

• In a large stockpot or dutch oven over medium heat, saute the carrots, celery, onion and shallot for 4-5 minutes until softened. Add the minced garlic and saute for one minute longer.
• Turn heat to medium high. Move vegetables to side of pot and add ground beef in batches and brown. When all ground beef has been added to pot and browned, add Italian seasoning, crushed red pepper, salt, and black pepper. Thoroughly combine meat, vegetables and seasonings.
• Add crushed tomatoes, tomato paste and roasted red peppers. Pour some of broth into cans to clean out remaining tomatoes into pot. Pour remaining broth into pot and thoroughly combine with all other ingredients. Add more black pepper or crushed red pepper if you like it hot and spicy.
• Reduce heat to low and simmer until sauce has reduced to half or two thirds of original volume.
• Serve over your favorite pasta and top with grated cheese if you like.

BEEF SHANK AND OXTAIL RAGù

Steps:

• Heat the oil or fat in a heavy pot. Salt the meats lightly, and brown on all sides. Remove the meat (or push it aside if your pot is big enough), and sauté the onion and carrot for a few minutes. Splash in the red wine and reduce for a minute, then tuck the meat back in among the vegetables, nestling in the herb packet as well. Pour on enough water to cover the meats by 2 inches, and simmer, covered, for 2 1/2hours. Add the additional vegetables, and a little more water if they are not well covered, and simmer until tender-about 20 minutes.
• For my first meal, I have the shank surrounded by the vegetables with a little of the cooking liquid on top. If I have some on hand, a Winter Green Sauce (page 159) is particularly good with this. I reserve for later any meat I can't finish.
• Second Round: Oxtails with Grits or Polenta
• Spoon most of the oxtails into a warm wide, shallow bowl into which you've dished up a generous serving of grits or polenta (see pages 196 and 193). Pour a small ladleful of the flavorful beef broth over, thickened, if you like, with a little cornstarch or instant flour. If you want to jazz up the dish, make a small amount of the gremolata (see page 249) that is used for veal shanks-just a teaspoon sprinkled on top is enough.
• Third Round: Penne with a Meaty Sauce
• Bring a large pot of salted water to a boil, and start cooking 2-3 ounces of penne or ziti. Meanwhile, scrape off from the bones whatever meat remains, and chop it up. Strain the rich cooking broth into containers for freezing, reserving the vegetables. Heat a little olive oil in a medium skillet, and lightly sauté a thin-sliced garlic clove for a minute. Add the strained veggies, the chopped-up meat, and about 1/4 cup tomato sauce (or, if you don't have any, use a tablespoon tomato paste and some of the pasta water). Scoop up the pasta when done, and mix it with the sauce in the skillet, adding more pasta water if needed. Turn off the heat, and fold in a small handful of grated Parmesan.

BEEF RAGU WITH RAVIOLI

Steps:

• In a large skillet, cook beef and onion over medium heat until meat is no longer pink; drain. Add the tomatoes, broth, wine, tomato paste, rosemary, sugar, garlic and salt. Bring to a boil. Reduce heat; simmer, uncovered, for 30 minutes., Cook ravioli according to package directions; drain. Serve with meat sauce. If desired, sprinkle with cheese .

BEEF RAGU WITH PASTA

Steps:

• Preheat oven to 325 degrees. Season beef all over with salt and pepper. Heat 3 tablespoons oil in a large Dutch oven over high heat. Add beef, and brown on all sides. Transfer beef to a rimmed baking sheet. Reduce heat to medium.
• Add remaining tablespoon oil to pot. Add onions, and cook, stirring occasionally with a wooden spoon, until edges are browned, 5 to 7 minutes. Add garlic, mushrooms, oregano, and 1 teaspoon salt. Cook, stirring, 3 minutes. Add tomatoes, and crush with spoon. Stir in wine and red-pepper flakes. Return beef to pot, and spoon tomato mixture over top. Cover, and place in oven. Braise until beef is fork-tender, about 4 hours.
• Bring a large pot of water to a boil; add 1 tablespoon salt. Add pasta; cook until al dente. Drain, and return to pot.
• Remove pot from oven. Using a slotted spoon, transfer beef to a plate. Toss pasta with the sauce; transfer to bowls. Top with pieces of beef, dividing evenly, and garnish with Parmesan.

EASY PULLED BEEF RAGU

Steps:

• Heat oven to 150C/130C fan/gas 2. Heat 1 tbsp oil in a flameproof casserole dish and brown the beef all over. Take the beef out of the dish, add the remaining oil and gently cook the onions and garlic for 10 mins until softened.
• Add the browned beef back to the dish with the carrots, red wine, tomatoes, tomato purée and bay leaves. Cover with foil and a lid, and slowly cook for 3 - 3 1/2 hrs or until the meat falls apart. Check on it a couple of times, turning the beef over and giving it a good stir to make sure it's coated in the sauce.
• Cook the pasta following pack instructions, then drain. Shred the beef - it should just fall apart when you touch it with a fork - then spoon the beef and tomato sauce over the pasta. Scatter with basil and Parmesan before serving.

BEEF - MUSHROOM RAGU OVER FRESH CHEESE RAVIOLI

Steps:

• Heat 1 tbsp olive oil in a large nonstick skillet over medium-high heat.
• Add mushroom, onions and garlic and sauté 6 minutes or until onions are soft; Remove mixture from the skillet and set aside.
• Add the lean ground beef to the skillet and cook about 6 minutes or until no longer pink.
• Add the mushroom mixture, tomatoes, tomato paste, Italian seasoning, sugar and salt and pepper to the beef mixture.
• Bring to a boil, reduce heat, cover and simmer 15 to 20 minutes until the sauce has thickened and the flavors have had chance to blend.
• While cooking the sauce, bring a large pot of lightly salted water to a boil.
• Add ravioli and cook according to package directions.
• Drain and return to pot, adding 1 tbsp olive oil and toss to coat.
• Spoon ravioli into a serving dish and top with sauce.
• Serve with freshly grated Parmesan cheese and enjoy!

ITALIAN SAUSAGE AND BEEF RAGU RECIPE - (4/5)

Steps:

• Heat 1½ tbsp oil over high heat in a large heavy based pot. Add the beef and sausage. Cook, breaking it up as you go, until browned. Use a slotted spoon to remove into a bowl. Heat remaining 1½ tbsp oil in the pot and reduce heat to medium low. Add garlic, onion, carrot and celery. Saute gently for 8 to 10 minutes, until the onion is translucent. Add cooked meat back into the pot along with the remaining Ragu ingredients. Turn heat up and mix to combine. Bring to simmer, then turn the heat down so it is bubbling gently (refer to the video, at 50 seconds). Cover and cook for 2½ hours, stirring once or twice. Remove from heat and remove the lid. The amount of liquid reduces as it cools, you will be surprised, so don't be tempted to return it to the stove without the lid! :) SLOW COOKER: At step 3, transfer everything into a slow cooker and cook on low for 6 to 8 hours, and cook the last 30 minutes or so with the lid off the reduce. To Serve Bring a very large pot of salted water to a rapid boil. Add pasta and cook until just al dente - cooked but still quite firm (I usually go for 2 minutes less than cook time per packet). Meanwhile, heat a large, deep fry pan over medium high heat. Add about 2½ cups of ragu, bring to simmer. Use tongs to transfer pasta straight from the pot to the fry pan PLUS ½ cup of pasta cooking water. Toss gently (I use 2 wooden spatulas) for 1 minute or until the sauce reduces, by which time the sauce will thicken, be glossy, and stick to the pasta. Serve immediately, garnished with Parmigiano-Reggiano if using! NOTES 1. The Italian pork sausages are key to the incredible flavour and richness in this recipe. So please don't think of substituting this with the cheap BBQ sausages (the ones that are an even pink colour), please make sure you get chunky Italian sausages. By "chunky", I mean the sausages where you can see chunks of white fat in the sausages so you know it's made with real meat, not with fillers (like the cheap sausages are). Italian sausages are loaded with fab seasonings. The classic usually has fennel in it, but you can use any Italian sausages you want. I used Chili & Garlic ones once and they were fab! 2. The onion, carrot and celery is a holy trinity referred to as Soffitto. Use a 2:1:1 ratio i.e. The amount of carrots and celery should each be ½ the amount of onion. Or put another way, when you combine the carrots and celery, it should be about the same amount as the onion. 3. My personal opinion for slow cooked dishes like this where wine is not the star ingredient is that you don't need to use an expensive one. Any deep coloured red wine will be fine, just don't use a pinot or rose. I used a Merlot. All the alcohol cooks out so it is perfectly safe for kids so I really urge you to stick to the recipe if you can. But if you can't consume alcohol, you can substitute with non alcoholic red wine or (next best substitute) more beef stock. 4. Better quality (i.e.: more expensive) canned tomatoes tend to be sweeter. So if you feel the sauce is a bit sour, just add a bit of sugar (white or brown), 1 tsp at a time until the sauce is to your taste. 5. As a rule of thumb: 2.5oz/80g dried pasta per person + ¾ cup of ragu per person. To make this for 1 to 3 people, use ½ cup of pasta cooking water, for 4 to 5 people, use ¾ cup. 6. This makes loads. :-) Enough for 8 to 10 people, and it freezes brilliantly. Once it cools, it would also be fabulous to use for lasagna!

RAVIOLI BEEF RAGU

Steps:

• In a large skillet, cook beef and onion until no longer pink, drain.
• Add tomatoes, broth, wine, tomato paste rosemary, sugar, garlic, and salt. Bring to a boil. Reduce heat and simmer for about 30 minutes, uncovered.
• Cook ravioli according to directions and drain. Top with meat sauce and sprinkle with cheese.

BEEF RAGU WITH PENNE PASTA

Steps:

• 1. Place onion in a 5 quart slow cooker. Crumble ground beef over onion, and add tomatoes. Cover and cook for 4 hours on HIGH. Break up any large pieces of beef with a wooden spoon. Add salt. Remove half of sauce, and reserve for another use; keep remaining sauce warm in slow cooker.
• 2. Cook pasta, stirring often. Drain and transfer to 4 shallow bowls. Spoon meat sauce over each portion of pasta. Serve with Parmesan cheese, basil, and freshly ground pepper.

BOBBY FLAY'S BEEF RAGù WITH FETTUCCINE IS ITALIAN COMFORT FOOD AT ITS BEST

Steps:

• Preparation For the fresh fettuccine: 1. Combine the flour, eggs and yolk in a food processor and pulse until a dough comes together. Transfer to a counter dusted lightly with flour and knead gently until the dough comes together and is smooth, about 1 minute. Wrap in plastic and refrigerate for at least 30 minutes and up to 24 hours. 2. Divide the dough into 4 pieces. Using your hands, flatten and shape one piece of dough into a 1/2-inch-thick rectangle. Dust it lightly with flour and pass it through the widest setting on the pasta machine. If the dough comes out oddly shaped, reform into a rectangle. Fold it in thirds, like a letter, and if necessary, flatten it to a 1/2-inch thickness. 3. Pass it through the widest setting again with the seam of the letter perpendicular to the rollers. Repeat this folding and rolling step 10 to 12 times, dusting the dough with flour if it becomes sticky. 4. Without folding the dough, pass it through the next setting on the pasta machine. Keep reducing the space between the rollers after each pass, lightly dusting the pasta with flour on both sides each time, until the pasta is about 1/16-inch thick and 3 inches wide. 5. Lay the sheet of rolled-out dough on a counter and cover with a dish towel. Roll out the remaining dough. Cut each strip of dough into 11-inch lengths. Cut the dough into fettuccine. For the beef ragù: 1. Place the porcini mushrooms in a small bowl and cover with boiling water and let sit for 30 minutes. Drain the mushrooms through a fine mesh strainer and reserve the strained soaking liquid. 2. Place a Dutch oven over high heat. Add oil, and heat until it is almost smoking. Add the beef and pork to the pan and season with salt and pepper. Cook, stirring occasionally, until the meat is golden-brown and rather crusty, about 10 minutes. Transfer the meat with a slotted spoon to a plate lined with paper towels. Reserve for the ragù. 3. Add the onion, carrot and celery to the reserved fat in the pan and cook over medium heat, stirring occasionally, until the vegetables are softened and lightly golden, about 8 minutes. Add the crushed garlic and cook for one minute. Add the tomato paste and crushed red pepper flakes and cook for 30 seconds more. Add the red wine and stir with a wooden spoon to scrape up the brown bits from the bottom of the pan. Simmer until the liquid is reduced by half. Return the cooked meat to the pan. Add the tomatoes, beef stock, porcini mushrooms and their soaking liquid and the bay leaf. Cover the pan, reduce the heat to a low simmer and let cook for 90 minutes. To cook the pasta: Fill a large pot with water and add a few tablespoons of salt. Set over high heat and bring to a boil. Stir in 1 pound of the pasta and cook until pasta is al dente, about 2 minutes. (If using dried fettuccine, follow the package instructions and cook for approximately 8 minutes). Drain pasta and reserve the pasta water. To serve: In a separate large sauté pan, ladle 2 cups of ragù into the pan. Add 1/2 cup of the pasta water and turn the heat on high. Add 4 tablespoons of butter and the cooked pasta and let cook together for 60 seconds. Add the Parmigiano-Reggiano, oregano, parsley, basil and salt and pepper to taste. Transfer to a large serving bowl. Sprinkle with more Parmigiano Reggiano and season with freshly ground black pepper. Serve immediately. Related video Closed Captioning ON OFF apply | reset x Text Display Background Enhancements fontTimes New RomanArialComic Sans sizeT T T T color Bobby Flay makes ragu of beef and red wine with fresh fettucine Play Video - 6:33 (currentTime)) { %> Your video begins in Options English Off

PORK AND BEEF RAGU

Steps:

• Heat the olive oil in a large, heavy pot. Take care not to overheat or burn the oil. Sprinkle the chuck and pork liberally with salt and pepper. Once the oil is hot, drop in the meat and sear until brown on all sides. Remove the meat and set aside.
• Add the tomatoes along with the juices from the cans. Lower the heat and slowly cook the tomatoes, breaking up into small pieces using a large spoon. Continue to cut the large pieces as the tomatoes cook; cutting them will become easier. Peel the garlic and remove the ends. Crush with the blade of a large chef's knife and drop into the sauce. Don't worry about the garlic pieces being too large; they, too, will break down as they cook. Return the meat to the sauce and continue cooking until the sauce has a chunky, but uniform consistency, 2 to 3 hours.
• Add the tomato paste, 1/2 can at a time, to somewhat thicken the sauce. Simmer until desired consistency, and then stir in the basil and cook for another few minutes before serving over hot pasta (any shape will do!). This is a fresh, but hearty sauce, and every serving should have a small piece of meat served on the plate. Garnish with your favorite grated cheese and enjoy.

SLOW-COOKER CHUNKY BEEF RAGU

Steps:

• In 8-inch nonstick skillet, cook prosciutto over medium-high heat about 5 minutes, stirring frequently, until crisp. Drain on paper towels.
• Spray 5- to 6-quart slow cooker with cooking spray. In slow cooker, mix prosciutto and remaining ingredients.
• Cover; cook on Low heat setting 8 to 9 hours (or on High heat setting 4 hours to 4 hours 30 minutes).

ITALIAN BEEF RAGù

Steps:

• Cook all ingredients except tomatoes, broth and tomato paste in Dutch oven or large deep skillet on medium-high heat 15 to 20 min. or until ground beef and bacon are done, and vegetables are tender.
• Stir in remaining ingredients. Bring to boil; simmer on medium-low heat 1 to 1-1/4 hours or until thickened.

BEEF RAGU WITH LEMON-PEPPER FETTUCCINE

Steps:

• For the ragu: Preheat the oven to 350 degrees F.
• Heat the oil in a large Dutch oven over high heat. Season the beef well with salt; then sear it on all sides, about 8 minutes. Add the tomatoes with their juices, wine, vinegar, fennel seeds, garlic, carrots, celery, bay leaves and onion. Season the liquid with 1 tablespoon salt. Bring to a simmer, cover and transfer to the oven. Cook until the meat is almost tender, about 2 hours. Uncover and cook until the meat is tender all the way through and falling off the bone, 30 to 45 minutes more.
• Cool the meat in the braising liquid. Remove and discard the bay leaves. Place the meat on a cutting board and pull it into large bite-size chunks with 2 forks. Remove any fat from the surface of the sauce and discard; return the meat to the sauce. (The dish can be prepared to this point up to 2 days ahead, the cooled, covered and refrigerated.)
• For the pasta: Mix the semolina flour and 1 teaspoon salt in a stand mixer fitted with the paddle attachment. Add the eggs, yolks, lemon zest and juice and pepper; mix slowly to make a rough dough. Switch to the dough hook attachment and knead until smooth, about 5 minutes. Form the dough into a ball by hand; cover with plastic wrap and let rest at room temperature for 1 hour.
• Divide the dough into 10 pieces and cover with a towel. Roll the dough with a pasta machine into sheets to setting number 6. Dust with semolina and lay on baking sheets; dry for 15 minutes. Then cut into fettuccini with the appropriate attachment. Dust with semolina and set aside on baking sheets; dry for at least 1 hour.
• Bring a large pot of water to a boil over high heat and salt it generously. Add the fettuccini and cook, stirring frequently, until al dente, about 4 minutes. Drain and toss with the grated pecorino. Transfer to serving plates. Spoon the meat sauce over the pasta and sprinkle with the parsley.
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